The acceptable bandage names originated as code-names during Apple War II and are still in aggressive and aerodynamics use throughout the world. They accept been adopted in the United States by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and internationally by the International Telecommunication Union. Most countries accept added regulations to ascendancy which locations of anniversary bandage are accessible for noncombatant or aggressive use.
Other users of the radio spectrum, such as the broadcasting and cyberbanking countermeasures industries, accept replaced the acceptable aggressive designations with their own systems.
Radar abundance bands Bandage name Frequency ambit Wavelength ambit Notes
HF 3–30 MHz 10–100 m coastal alarm systems, over-the-horizon alarm (OTH) radars; 'high frequency'
P < 300 MHz 1 m+ 'P' for 'previous', activated retrospectively to aboriginal alarm systems
VHF 30–300 MHz 1–10 m Very continued range, arena penetrating; 'very top frequency'
UHF 300–1000 MHz 0.3–1 m Very continued ambit (e.g. ballistic missile aboriginal warning), arena penetrating, foliage penetrating; 'ultra top frequency'
L 1–2 GHz 15–30 cm Long ambit air cartage ascendancy and surveillance; 'L' for 'long'
S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cm Moderate ambit surveillance, Terminal air cartage control, all-embracing weather, abyssal radar; 'S' for 'short'
C 4–8 GHz 3.75–7.5 cm Satellite transponders; a accommodation (hence 'C') amid X and S bands; weather; continued ambit tracking
X 8–12 GHz 2.5–3.75 cm Missile guidance, abyssal radar, weather, medium-resolution mapping and arena surveillance; in the USA the attenuated ambit 10.525 GHz ±25 MHz is acclimated for airport radar; abbreviate ambit tracking. Called X bandage because the abundance was a abstruse during WW2.
Ku 12–18 GHz 1.67–2.5 cm high-resolution
K 18–24 GHz 1.11–1.67 cm from German kurz, acceptation 'short'; bound use due to assimilation by baptize vapour, so Ku and Ka were acclimated instead for surveillance. K-band is acclimated for audition clouds by meteorologists, and by badge for audition dispatch motorists. K-band alarm accoutrements accomplish at 24.150 ± 0.100 GHz.
Ka 24–40 GHz 0.75–1.11 cm mapping, abbreviate range, airport surveillance; abundance just aloft K bandage (hence 'a') Photo radar, acclimated to activate cameras which yield pictures of authorization plates of cars active red lights, operates at 34.300 ± 0.100 GHz.
mm 40–300 GHz 7.5 mm – 1 mm millimetre band, subdivided as below. The abundance ranges depend on waveguide size. Multiple belletrist are assigned to these bands by altered groups. These are from Baytron, a now asleep aggregation that fabricated analysis equipment.
V 40–75 GHz 4.0–7.5 mm Very acerb captivated by atmospheric oxygen, which resonates at 60 GHz.
W 75–110 GHz 2.7–4.0 mm used as a beheld sensor for beginning free vehicles, high-resolution meteorological observation, and imaging.
UWB 1.6–10.5 GHz 18.75 cm – 2.8 cm used for through-the-wall alarm and imaging systems.
edit Alarm modulators
Modulators act to accommodate the waveform of the RF-pulse. There are two altered alarm modulator designs:
top voltage about-face for non-coherent keyed power-oscillators28 These modulators abide of a top voltage beating architect formed from a top voltage supply, a beating basic network, and a top voltage about-face such as a thyratron. They accomplish abbreviate pulses of ability to augment the e.g. magnetron, a appropriate blazon of exhaustion tube that converts DC (usually pulsed) into microwaves. This technology is accepted as pulsed power. In this way, the transmitted beating of RF radiation is kept to a defined, and usually, actual abbreviate duration.
amalgam mixers,29 fed by a waveform architect and an exciter for a circuitous but articular waveform. This waveform can be generated by low power/low-voltage ascribe signals. In this case the alarm transmitter have to be a power-amplifier, e.g. a klystron tube or a solid accompaniment transmitter. In this way, the transmitted beating is intrapulse-modulated and the alarm receiver have to use beating compression technique.
edit Alarm coolant
Coolanol (silicate ester) was acclimated in several aggressive radars in the 1970s. However, it is hygroscopic, arch to accumulation of awful combustible alcohol. The accident of a U.S. Navy aircraft in 1978 was attributed to a silicate ester fire.30 Coolanol is aswell big-ticket and toxic. The U.S. Navy has instituted a affairs called Pollution Prevention (P2) to abate or annihilate the aggregate and toxicity of waste, air emissions, and arising discharges. Because of this Coolanol is acclimated beneath generally today.
PAO is a constructed adipose alloy of a polyol ester alloyed with able amounts of an antioxidant, chicken metal appeaser and blight inhibitors. Able additives cover accessory arylamine antioxidants, triazole acquired chicken metal appeaser and an amino acerbic acquired and commissioned primary and accessory amine and/or diamine blight inhibitor.
Other users of the radio spectrum, such as the broadcasting and cyberbanking countermeasures industries, accept replaced the acceptable aggressive designations with their own systems.
Radar abundance bands Bandage name Frequency ambit Wavelength ambit Notes
HF 3–30 MHz 10–100 m coastal alarm systems, over-the-horizon alarm (OTH) radars; 'high frequency'
P < 300 MHz 1 m+ 'P' for 'previous', activated retrospectively to aboriginal alarm systems
VHF 30–300 MHz 1–10 m Very continued range, arena penetrating; 'very top frequency'
UHF 300–1000 MHz 0.3–1 m Very continued ambit (e.g. ballistic missile aboriginal warning), arena penetrating, foliage penetrating; 'ultra top frequency'
L 1–2 GHz 15–30 cm Long ambit air cartage ascendancy and surveillance; 'L' for 'long'
S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cm Moderate ambit surveillance, Terminal air cartage control, all-embracing weather, abyssal radar; 'S' for 'short'
C 4–8 GHz 3.75–7.5 cm Satellite transponders; a accommodation (hence 'C') amid X and S bands; weather; continued ambit tracking
X 8–12 GHz 2.5–3.75 cm Missile guidance, abyssal radar, weather, medium-resolution mapping and arena surveillance; in the USA the attenuated ambit 10.525 GHz ±25 MHz is acclimated for airport radar; abbreviate ambit tracking. Called X bandage because the abundance was a abstruse during WW2.
Ku 12–18 GHz 1.67–2.5 cm high-resolution
K 18–24 GHz 1.11–1.67 cm from German kurz, acceptation 'short'; bound use due to assimilation by baptize vapour, so Ku and Ka were acclimated instead for surveillance. K-band is acclimated for audition clouds by meteorologists, and by badge for audition dispatch motorists. K-band alarm accoutrements accomplish at 24.150 ± 0.100 GHz.
Ka 24–40 GHz 0.75–1.11 cm mapping, abbreviate range, airport surveillance; abundance just aloft K bandage (hence 'a') Photo radar, acclimated to activate cameras which yield pictures of authorization plates of cars active red lights, operates at 34.300 ± 0.100 GHz.
mm 40–300 GHz 7.5 mm – 1 mm millimetre band, subdivided as below. The abundance ranges depend on waveguide size. Multiple belletrist are assigned to these bands by altered groups. These are from Baytron, a now asleep aggregation that fabricated analysis equipment.
V 40–75 GHz 4.0–7.5 mm Very acerb captivated by atmospheric oxygen, which resonates at 60 GHz.
W 75–110 GHz 2.7–4.0 mm used as a beheld sensor for beginning free vehicles, high-resolution meteorological observation, and imaging.
UWB 1.6–10.5 GHz 18.75 cm – 2.8 cm used for through-the-wall alarm and imaging systems.
edit Alarm modulators
Modulators act to accommodate the waveform of the RF-pulse. There are two altered alarm modulator designs:
top voltage about-face for non-coherent keyed power-oscillators28 These modulators abide of a top voltage beating architect formed from a top voltage supply, a beating basic network, and a top voltage about-face such as a thyratron. They accomplish abbreviate pulses of ability to augment the e.g. magnetron, a appropriate blazon of exhaustion tube that converts DC (usually pulsed) into microwaves. This technology is accepted as pulsed power. In this way, the transmitted beating of RF radiation is kept to a defined, and usually, actual abbreviate duration.
amalgam mixers,29 fed by a waveform architect and an exciter for a circuitous but articular waveform. This waveform can be generated by low power/low-voltage ascribe signals. In this case the alarm transmitter have to be a power-amplifier, e.g. a klystron tube or a solid accompaniment transmitter. In this way, the transmitted beating is intrapulse-modulated and the alarm receiver have to use beating compression technique.
edit Alarm coolant
Coolanol (silicate ester) was acclimated in several aggressive radars in the 1970s. However, it is hygroscopic, arch to accumulation of awful combustible alcohol. The accident of a U.S. Navy aircraft in 1978 was attributed to a silicate ester fire.30 Coolanol is aswell big-ticket and toxic. The U.S. Navy has instituted a affairs called Pollution Prevention (P2) to abate or annihilate the aggregate and toxicity of waste, air emissions, and arising discharges. Because of this Coolanol is acclimated beneath generally today.
PAO is a constructed adipose alloy of a polyol ester alloyed with able amounts of an antioxidant, chicken metal appeaser and blight inhibitors. Able additives cover accessory arylamine antioxidants, triazole acquired chicken metal appeaser and an amino acerbic acquired and commissioned primary and accessory amine and/or diamine blight inhibitor.
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